How To Repair Cracked Stone Lintel

• How To Repair Cracked Glass
• Window Lintel Repairs
• How To Repair Cracked Stone Lintel Wood
• How To Repair Cracked Stone Lintel Wall

• Lintel Repair Modern methods of lintel repair are fast, efficient and can often be carried out with little to no disruption and without the need for take down and rebuild. Lintel failure is a common problem in properties of all ages and all types of lintels.
• Long lintels like this are particularly vulnerable to failure over time because they have to be strong enough to properly distribute all the weight above them. Early signs of garage lintel failure include cracked bricks or cracked exterior walls above the garage opening. As the damage progresses, the lintel will start to visibly sag.
• I'm a 1st time home owner looking for some advice regarding lintel repair. I own a early 20thc. Sandstone and brick villa that has had windows replaced in the 1970s. The lintels between the windows and the upper brickwork are in some cases very rusted, in others rust is just coming through.
• Replacing a cracked Lintel. My Profile My Preferences My. But the plaster above the biggest flat window was a cracked mess, and a bodge repair that must be at least 25 years old.

• This topic has 11 replies, 11 voices, and was last updated 6 years ago by .

Cracked concrete window sill Showing 1-5 of 5 messages. Cracked concrete window sill: Ben Aldhouse. Builders merchant sell reinforced concrete lintels for less then a tenner. But taking the old one out & putting a new one in might not be. Is it possible to repair a concrete sill in this >> condition - or would it have to be replaced?

• After moving into our new house a few weeks ago, l have noticed a vertical crack through the sandstone lintel above our basement kitchen window. The crack is around 1/3rd across the stone, and has been filled with a clear silicone by the previous occupants to prevent water ingress (l guess). The window below it opens fine, and there are no other signs of cracking, bowing walls, cracked pointing or stone etc. The walls are sandstone (irregular sized stones), around 1.5 feet thick throughout. The house was renovated around 12 years ago, although built in the late 1800’s.

  We had a structural surveyor do a report on the house before we bought it (RICS approved), however it was not picked up on. Do l have any comeback on this. Alternatively, what are my options?

  Posted 6 years ago

  normal practice is, I think, to glue a piece of glass across the crack and see if it shatters.

  If it doesn’t it’s old movement.

  If it were me I’d just monitor it for a bit and see if it changes.

  Posted 6 years ago

  You *could* ask Building control to look at it. In my experience they are very helpful. Even if they say it needs replacing, it’s not a huge job, some Acrow props to take the weight, chisel the old one out, slide in a new one and repack with mortar.

  Posted 6 years ago

  You’d expect this to be spotted by a surveyor, tho I dunno if it’s covered by a structural survey (again, you’d think so!)

  Posted 6 years ago

  Certainly worth contacting the surveyor for his answers etc . but not a massive job to replace

  Posted 6 years ago

  Can you clarify that? Do you mean it’s 1/3 of the way from one side of the window from the other, or it goes from the bottom of the lintel to 1/3 the way up (or even from the outside to 1/3 of the way in)?

  Where it is along the length, how far through and whether it’s parallel sided, tapered, etc, are all important in working out how structurally significant it is.

  Posted 6 years ago

  Unlikely to be a major problem. I see a lot of “damaged” houses and cracked stone lintels are quite common. They don’t often reflect a serious structural problem. If the on the inner face of the window opening spanned by the lintel is sound, it would indicate no movement has occurred since the room was decorated. Glass tell-tales are very old skool and if one was fitted it would be likely to crack just due to thermal movements, which would not necessarily indicate a problem. Lintels don’t usually carry a huge amount of weight. If you project a 45 degree line upward and toward the window centre from either side of the opening, it’s only the weight inside the triangle that’s actually supported by the lintel.

  Get a structural engineer to have a look if you’re worried, but I wouldn’t lose a lot of sleep unless you see signs of progressive movement, which will be evident in the form of cracks in the stonework immediately above the lintel itself (in, or at the edges of teh imaginary triange described above).

  Posted 6 years ago

  I’ve had a couple of new lintels fitted after realising the outer walls had none in them and had relied on the wooden window frames to support the weight and that non reinforced PVC had been used when they were replaced before we bought the house. Nothing collapsed in the 12 years it was like that and it can always be fixed even if it does need replacing. And if it does I’d be looking for at least a refund if you payed for a strutural survey.

  Posted 6 years ago

  Difficult to say without seeing a picture, but you could probably use a Helifix repair – chase a groove through the lintel, insert stainless steel bar and fill with colour matched mortar / resin. You can also run Helifix bars through the stonework above, effectively making the stone into an additional lintel.

  Posted 6 years ago

  I’d hazard a pretty educated guess it’s going no where!

  Posted 6 years ago

  I’d not worry too much – the silicon is probably there to keep the water out and if it is moving there’ll be plenty of evidence of it.

  Posted 6 years ago

The topic ‘Cracked lintel in new (old) house’ is closed to new replies.

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Steel or Brownstone Lintel Damage in Brick or other Masonry Walls:

How do caulking or improper installation cause damage at window & door openings in masonry walls: caulking a steel lintel or failure to protect a brownstone lintel from water or frost damage can result in not only damage at the lintel and wall opening but even severe cracking, settlement or failures in the wall structure.

This article series explains types of damage to structural brick walls & how that damage is identified & repaired. We explain how to recognize, diagnose, & evaluate movement and cracks in brick walls and how to recognize brick wall bowing or bulging and cracking failures.

We also provide a MASTER INDEX to this topic, or you can try the page top or bottom SEARCH BOX as a quick way to find information you need.

Lintels: Water, Frost, & Rust Damage at Steel Lintels over Windows or Doors in Brick Walls

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Article Contents

• MASONRY FACADE / WALL, LINTEL & BROWNSTONE DAMAGE

Our photo (above/left) shows a rusting steel lintel in a brick wall. Luckily in this case, the worst rust damage and exfoliating (flaking rusting) steel is over the window itself (at the right side of the photo).

But in the 1980's we examined a New York City high rise building that had very expensive damage to nearly all of its brick exterior walls.

Spalling and cracking had rather suddenly occurred at almost every window and door in the building not long after a new building maintenance superintendent had been employed.

The new maintenance supervisor had ordered that all window and door lintels should be caulked where he had observed a gap between the upper surface of the steel lintel and the brick above. Unfortunately that caulk job trapped water above the lintel where frost (short term rapid damage) caused severe brick spalling and cracking.

On other brick buildings whose windows and doors use steel lintels (to support bricks that must span over the opening), rusting steel lintels can also cause severe brick cracking and spalling. The lifting power of exfoliating steel (flaking rust) is very great.

Don't caulk between the bricks and the steel lintel that supports them on a masonry or masonry-veneer building.

On the other hand, it is usually ok to caulk on the underside of the lintel where it contacts the top of the window frame itself - our photo at left.

A different steel window lintel problem is shown in our photo at left. It looks as if the window lintel is too short, extending less than an inch into the brick wall to the left of the window.

Especially if there is any evidence of cracking or brick wall movement, some careful inspection and further investigation would be needed in this area (perhaps there is a hidden window lintel or support not visible from the building exterior.

Masonry & Brownstone Building Facade, Window & Door Lintel or Sill Falling Hazards, Damage & Repair

Our photo (above-left) shows spalling and cracking damage in brownstone lintels in a brick building in Hudson, New York. It appears that leaks at the roof parapet wall, itself now replaced, damaged the brownstone lintel over the white entry door.

In addition to the risk of damage throughout the brick wall as this deterioration continues there is a potential hazard from falling masonry fragments. Special installation & repair methods are needed for these water-vulnerable stone materials.

Protect People from Falling Building Facade Components

Watch out: for falling cornice parts, lintels, & window sills on brownstone buildings & all old structures. Casual inspection from ground level may fail to detect loose building facade, cornice, or window components that can fall, injuring or even killing someone. A casual inspection from ground level and even an inspection using binoculars from ground level cannot find all loose building facade components.

A close inspection from scaffolding, ladders can more thoroughly detect frost damage, rusted cast iron cornice parts, loose building facade components, or cracked, loose window lintels or sills. But even then, a complete detailed inspection of 'every inch' of a building facade is cost-prohibitive. Still, if loose components are found or even suspected on a building facade, the area below should be closed off from access to prevent injury until the urgency of need for repair can be assessed or until repairs are made. And an experienced inspector may be able to spot conditions such as leak stains from roof defects, improper flashing, or wind-driven rain, cracks in masonry facade from rusting steel lintels, or out of plumb and level conditions that are telltale signs of an unsafe building facade.

In some cases it may be feasible to construct safety netting, or to construct scaffolding with plank or corrugated steel roofing to protect pedestrians at ground level from being struck by falling building components.

The risk of falling building facade parts is a real hazard not just a theoretical one. For example, on Sunday, 17 May 2015 a two year old girl, was killed by a falling section of a windowsill in Manhattan. On the following day she died from that injury. The New York Times reported that Greta Greene and her grandmother, Susan Frierson, were struck by a piece of decorative terra cotta windowsill that fell from the Esplanade Luxury Senior Residences from a height of eight stories above where they were walking. The facade had been inspected and deemed safe in 2011. Terra cotta facades require special maintenance to avoid falling hazards. (Hoigard 2004).

While New York City has a law requiring the inspection of building facades for just such hazards, the law alone cannot prevent all such accidents. The New York City law requires that a facade inspection is required every five years for buildings taller than six stories. That law covers about 13,500 buildings in New York City. - The New York Times, 2015.

The same Times article reported a similar death in 1979 when Grace Gold was killed by a falling fragment of a building cornice that came away from a Morningside Heights apartment building. Nine deaths and 250 falling building facade objects occurred in New York City between 2009 and 2014.

Also see BRICK VENEER WALL LOOSE, BULGED

Research on Brownstone, Sandstone, Stone Building Restoration & Repair

How To Repair Cracked Glass

• Blocken, Bert, Staf Roels, and Jan Carmeliet. 'A combined CFD–HAM approach for wind-driven rain on building facades.' Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 95, no. 7 (2007): 585-607.
• Blocken, Bert, and Jan Carmeliet. 'A review of wind-driven rain research in building science.' Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 92, no. 13 (2004): 1079-1130.
• CAULKING PROBLEM TROUBLESHOOTING discusses use of sealant and construction difficulties when working with soft red Scottish sandstone.
• Chaban, Matt A., and Rojas, Rick, 'Girl, 2 Dies After Bing Struck by a Falling Piece of Windowsill in Manhattan', The New York Times, 19 May 2015, p. A21.
• Dossett, James Weldon. 'Composite Repair of Sandstone.' (1998).
• Farmer, Matthew C. 'Unique considerations for stone facade inspection and assessment.' ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. (2004): 162-178.
• Foulks, William G., ed. Historic Building Facades: The Manual for Maintenance and Rehabilitation
• Friedman, Donald. Historical building construction: design, materials, and technology. WW Norton & Company, 2010.
• Gaspar, Pedro L., and Jorge de Brito. 'Quantifying environmental effects on cement-rendered facades: A comparison between different degradation indicators.' Building and Environment 43, no. 11 (2008): 1818-1828.
• Gentry, T. A. 'Identifying Non-Catastrophic Failures in Glazed Architectural Terra Cotta Masonry.' In for American Society of Civil Engineers, 6th Congress on Forensic Engineering, Gateway to a Safer Tomorrow. San Francisco, California. 2012.
• Gerns, Edward, and Rachel Will. 'The Sandstone Conundrum.'
• Glenn, Marsha. Historic preservation: a handbook for architecture students. American Institute of Architects, 1974.
• Gonzalez, Inmaculada Jimenez, Megan Higgins, and George W. Scherer. 'Hygric swelling of portland brownstone.' In MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, vol. 712, pp. 21-28. Warrendale, Pa.; Materials Research Society; 1999, 2002.
• Gould, Whitney. Brownstone & Bargeboard: A Guide to Bayfield's Historic Architecture. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, 1981.
• Higgins, William J. 'Stone Finishing Marks.' Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology (1979): 11-34.
• Hoigard, Kurt R., George R. Mulholland, and Robert C. Haukohl. 'Terra Cotta Facades.' ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. (2004): 75-90.
  Abstract
  The late nineteenth century saw the rise of terra cotta as a popular building exterior facade material by offering the general appearance of carved stone at a substantial cost saving. Available in a variety of colors and standard shapes, architects could develop complex patterns and designs with off-the-shelf materials supplemented by special pieces fabricated in any shape desired. By the 1950s, changing architectural styles and rising labor costs brought the golden age of terra cotta use to a close.Many vintage terra cotta-clad buildings have survived the wrecking ball and are today prized for their stylish appearance. Notable survivors include the Wrigley Building and the Reliance Building in Chicago, and the Union Trust Building in Pittsburgh. Architects, engineers, and contractors tasked with the evaluation, maintenance, and repair of these buildings are frequently faced with a daunting task. Failures of terra cotta facades, in some cases resulting in large pieces falling to the street, have been reported in the newspapers of large and small cities alike. The underlying problems can frequently be traced back to long-term deterioration related to original design misconceptions, and ongoing misunderstandings regarding the behavior and construction of terra cotta facades.This paper will review the history of terra cotta as a facade material. The authors will present information regarding historic terra cotta fabrication and erection details, and their manifestation as facade problems today. Sources will include vintage literature on terra cotta construction, as well as the experience gained by the authors while investigating and repairing terra cotta facades.
• Kessler, Daniel William. Physical and chemical tests on the commercial marbles of the United States. No. 123. Govt. Print. Off., 1919.
• Liu, Yun. 'Effect of the Brownstone Moisture Content at Application Time of a Water Repellent Treatment.' (2013).
• Quenzel, Neale. 'Rehabilitation Approaches to Severely Deteriorated Brown Sandstone at the Apex Building, Washington, DC.' Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology (1985): 65-68.
• Rosado, Norma. 'The Proprietary House as a Case Study in Historic Preservation and Social Change.' PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2005.
• Tiller, de Teel Patterson. 'The preservation of historic glazed architectural terra-cotta.' (1979).
• Wilson, Forrest. 'Masonry.' In Building Materials Evaluation Handbook, pp. 79-143. Springer US, 1984.
• Wangler, Timothy, and George W. Scherer. 'Clay swelling inhibition mechanism of α, ω-diaminoalkanes in Portland Brownstone.' Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 05 (2009): 1646-1652.
• Wangler, Timothy, and George W. Scherer. 'Controlling Swelling of Portland Brownstone.' In MRS Proceedings, vol. 1047, pp. 1047-Y05. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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BRICK STRUCTURAL WALLS LOOSE, BULGED - damaged brick structures in danger of collapse

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FOUNDATION CRACK DICTIONARY for evaluating foundation cracks and signs of foundation damage by examining the crack size, shape, pattern, and location.

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Technical Reviewers & References

Window Lintel Repairs

• Thanks to Alan Carson, Carson Dunlop, Associates, Toronto, for technical critique and some of the foundation inspection photographs cited in these articles
• Ambrico, American Brick Company, (Produces EZ-Wall® Engineered Thin Brick System), 12901 Stephens Road, Warren MI 48089Tel: 866-663-6898, Email: info@ambrico.com
• Brick Development Association, The Building Centre, 26 Store Street, London, WC1E 7BT, England, U.K., Tel: 020 7323 7030, Email: brick@brick.org.uk
• Brick Industry Association, 1850 Centennial Park Drive, Suite 301, Reston, VA 20191Phone: 703.620.0010 Fax: 703.620.3928.
• Canada Masonry Centre, 360 Superior Blvd., Mississauga ON Canada L5T 2N7. Tel: (905) 564-6622. Offers the CMCA Textbook of Canadian Masonry.
• Fero Engineered Masonry Connectors & Accessories, FERO Corporation, 15305 - 117th Ave., Edmonton, Alberta T5M 3X4Canada, Tel: (780) 455-5098. Fero produces brick veneer fasteners, rubble veneer fasteners, thin stone veneer connectors, and the FAST bracket.
• Masonry Design Manual, James E. Amrhein & Walter L. Dickey, Civil & Structural Engineers, Masonry Industry Advancement Committee, Masonry Institute of America, ASIN B0006XMFZE
  Watch out: this manual may include opinions and recommendations that are obsolete or even very dangerous. For example p. I-4 expresses the opinion that 'buckling is not a serious condition in masonry ..' contrary to the direct experience of masonry experts who report cases of catastrophic building collapses.
• Sanford Contracting, Inc., (produces thin masonry veneers and engineered brick panels), Sanford Contracting Inc.,1400 Iron Horse Industrial Park, North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862-1612, Tel: 978-663-0200 Email: tsanford@SanfordContracting.com
• Tamlyn building products, Tom Tamlyn, President, 13623 Pike Rd., Stafford TX 77477, Tel: 800-334-1676.
• 'Concrete Slab Finishes and the Use of the F-number System', Matthew Stuart, P.E., S.E., F.ASCE, online course at www.pdhonline.org/courses/s130/s130.htm
• Sal Alfano - Editor, Journal of Light Construction*
• Terry Carson - ASHI
• Mark Cramer - ASHI
• JD Grewell, ASHI
• Duncan Hannay - ASHI, P.E. *
• Bob Klewitz, M.S.C.E., P.E. - ASHI
• Ken Kruger, P.E., AIA - ASHI
• Aaron Kuertz aaronk@appliedtechnologies.com, with Applied Technologies regarding polyurethane foam sealant as other foundation crack repair product - 05/30/2007
• Bob Peterson, Magnum Piering - 800-771-7437 - FL*
• Arlene Puentes, ASHI, October Home Inspections - (845) 216-7833 - Kingston NY
• Greg Robi, Magnum Piering - 800-822-7437 - National*
• Dave Rathbun, P.E. - Geotech Engineering - 904-622-2424 FL*
• Ed Seaquist, P.E., SIE Assoc. - 301-269-1450 - National
• Dave Wickersheimer, P.E. R.A. - IL, professor, school of structures division, UIUC - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Architecture. Professor Wickersheimer specializes in structural failure investigation and repair for wood and masonry construction. * Mr. Wickersheimer's engineering consulting service can be contacted at HDC Wickersheimer Engineering Services. (3/2010)
• *These reviewers have not returned comment 6/95

How To Repair Cracked Stone Lintel Wood

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

How To Repair Cracked Stone Lintel Wall

• Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
• Avongard foundation crack progress chart for structural crack monitoring
• Basement Moisture Control, U.S. Department of Energy
• Building Failures, Diagnosis & Avoidance, 2d Ed., W.H. Ransom, E.& F. Spon, New York, 1987 ISBN 0-419-14270-3
• Building Pathology, Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention, Samuel Y. Harris, P.E., AIA, Esq., ISBN 0-471-33172-4, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 [General building science-DF] ISBN-10: 0471331724ISBN-13: 978-0471331728
• Building Pathology: Principles and Practice, David Watt, Wiley-Blackwell; 2 edition (March 7, 2008) ISBN-10: 1405161035 ISBN-13: 978-1405161039
• Construction Drawings and Details, Rosemary Kilmer
• Crawl Space Moisture Control, U.S. Department of Energy
• Diagnosing & Repairing House Structure Problems, Edgar O. Seaquist, McGraw Hill, 1980 ISBN 0-07-056013-7 (obsolete, incomplete, missing most diagnosis steps, but very good reading; out of print but used copies are available at Amazon.com, and reprints are available from some inspection tool suppliers). Ed Seaquist was among the first speakers invited to a series of educational conferences organized by D Friedman for ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors, where the topic of inspecting the in-service condition of building structures was first addressed.
• Domestic Building Surveys, Andrew R. Williams, Kindle book, Amazon.com
• Defects and Deterioration in Buildings: A Practical Guide to the Science and Technology of Material Failure, Barry Richardson, Spon Press; 2d Ed (2001), ISBN-10: 041925210X, ISBN-13: 978-0419252108. Quoting:
  A professional reference designed to assist surveyors, engineers, architects and contractors in diagnosing existing problems and avoiding them in new buildings. Fully revised and updated, this edition, in new clearer format, covers developments in building defects, and problems such as sick building syndrome. Well liked for its mixture of theory and practice the new edition will complement Hinks and Cook's student textbook on defects at the practitioner level.
• Guide to Domestic Building Surveys, Jack Bower, Butterworth Architecture, London, 1988, ISBN 0-408-50000 X
• 'Avoiding Foundation Failures,' Robert Marshall, Journal of Light Construction, July, 1996 (Highly recommend this article-DF)
• 'A Foundation for Unstable Soils,' Harris Hyman, P.E., Journal of Light Construction, May 1995
• 'Backfilling Basics,' Buck Bartley, Journal of Light Construction, October 1994
• 'Inspecting Block Foundations,' Donald V. Cohen, P.E., ASHI Reporter, December 1998. This article in turn cites the Fine Homebuilding article noted below.
• 'When Block Foundations go Bad,' Fine Homebuilding, June/July 1998
• Historic Preservation Technology: A Primer, Robert A. Young, Wiley (March 21, 2008)ISBN-10: 0471788368 ISBN-13: 978-0471788362
• Masonry structures: The Masonry House, Home Inspection of a Masonry Building & Systems, Stephen Showalter (director, actor), DVD, Quoting:
  Movie Guide Experienced home inspectors and new home inspectors alike are sure to learn invaluable tips in this release designed to take viewers step-by-step through the home inspection process. In addition to being the former president of the National Association of Home Inspectors (NAHI), a longstanding member of the NAHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI), and the Environmental Standard Organization (IESO), host Stephen Showalter has performed over 8000 building inspections - including environmental assessments. Now, the founder of a national home inspection school and inspection training curriculum shares his extensive experience in the inspection industry with everyday viewers looking to learn more about the process of evaluating homes. Topics covered in this release include: evaluation of masonry walls; detection of spalling from rebar failure; inspection of air conditioning systems; grounds and landscaping; electric systems and panel; plumbing supply and distribution; plumbing fixtures; electric furnaces; appliances; evaluation of electric water heaters; and safety techniques. Jason Buchanan --Jason Buchanan, All Movie Review
• Masonry Design for Engineers and Architects, M. Hatzinikolas, Y. Korany, Canadian Masonry (2005), ISBN-10: 0978006100, ISBN-13: 978-0978006105
• Masonry Design Manual, James E. Amrhein & Walter L. Dickey, Civil & Structural Engineers, Masonry Industry Advancement Committee, Masonry Institute of America, ASIN B0006XMFZE
  Watch out: this manual may include opinions and recommendations that are obsolete or even very dangerous. For example p. I-4 expresses the opinion that 'buckling is not a serious condition in masonry ..' contrary to the direct experience of masonry experts who report cases of catastrophic building collapses.
• Masonry Structures: Behavior and Design, Robert G. Drysdale, Ahmid A. Hamid, Lawrie R. Baker, The Masonry Society; 2nd edition (1999), ISBN-10: 1929081014, ISBN-13: 978-1929081011
• Masonry, Engineered: Using the Canadian Code, J. I. Gainville, Cantext publications (1983), ASIN: B0007C37PG
• Masonry, Non-reinforced masonry design tables, Hans J. Schultz, National Concrete Producers Association and the Canadian Masonry Contractors Association (1976), ASIN: B0007C2LQM
• Moisture Control in Buildings, U.S. Department of Energy
• Moisture Control in Walls, U.S. Department of Energy
• 'Vapor Barriers or Vapor Diffusion Retarders', U.S. DOE: how vapor barriers work, types of vapor diffusion barriers, installing vapor barrier
• Ventilation for energy efficient buildings, Purpose, Strategies, etc.,
• ..

• Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material.
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• The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume.
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